伊利诺伊州迦太基兽医服务公司的临床兽医博士（DVM）克莱顿•约翰逊（Clayton Johnson）在接受《今日猪健康》（Pig Health Today）采访时说，从洗栏人员到农场主，参与猪肉生产系统的每个人对保障农场安全、安心都起着至关重要的作用。谈及生物安全，约翰逊把农场比作堡垒。堡垒入口受限，有助于控制进出的人和物，因此以之比作猪场，十分合适。
From the person doing the power washing to the owner of the farm business,everyone involved in a pork-production system plays a vital role in keeping the operation safe and secure,Clayton Johnson,DVM,with Carthage Veterinary Services in Carthage,Illinois,told Pig Health Today.When he thinks about biosecurity,Johnson compares a farm to a fortress.A fortress has limited points of entry,which help control who or what goes in and out,so it’s a good analogy to use for pork operations.
限制入口是确保良好生物安全得以实施的首要关键步骤。
Limiting the points of entry is the first critical step in making sure an operation is practicing good biosecurity.
Next is putting barriers in place to keep“the bad guys”out,which in the case of hog farms includes a number of pathogens.If bacteria,viruses or parasites are able to overcome a farm’s barriers,the ability to manage them is compromised,particularly for viruses like African swine fever or new strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS).
“We’re scared to death of those things because once they get inside our walls we don’t really have a good ability to contain them,so we have to keep them out,”Johnson said.“We can’t build 45-foot stone walls around our farms like we can a fortress.But we can limit the entry areas and define specific plans for how we’re going to deploy our resources,just like when a fortress deploys soldiers,”he added.“We’d put them at certain areas where they can shoot down the enemy.That’s generally the same thing we’re doing with biosecurity.We’re deploying our disinfection capabilities…and we’re putting those at the limited points of entry with specific assignments for how to use them,based on the risk factor that’s coming onto the farm.”
冗余不是坏事
Redundancy is not a bad thing
约翰逊说，生物安全计划需要存在一定的冗余，重叠操作以确保万无一失。
Johnson said it’s important that biosecurity programs are redundant,meaning practices need to overlap to ensure coverage.
“We have a belt-and-suspenders approach.Chemical disinfectants for most pathogens of concern will be very effective as long as that item is clean and disinfected completely,including the right contact time and the right dilution.”
由人主导的过程通常是某个人的工作，但人会犯错。
This human-led process is usually someone’s job,but people make mistakes.
他解释道：“因此需要双保险。准备备案，各方案独立运行。”
“That’s where the belt-and-suspenders approach comes in,”he explained.“You have a backup plan,and each of the plans should work independently.”
Downtime is key,Johnson noted,whether that’s downtime for people coming into a farm or downtime for high-risk feed ingredients.Along with downtime,temperature is important to assist in drying trucks and trailers.
“Producers can also manipulate pH.Viruses are typically susceptible to really low or high pH,”he said.“We can come up with pathogen-specific programs to alter the pH in an environment and improve our ability to disinfect.”
Ultraviolet(UV)light plays a biosecurity role as well,but Johnson cautioned that UV chambers have limitations.Distance from the UV light source and temperature within the UV chamber can have a big impact on the disinfectant efficacy of UV light.
“我给养殖者最重要的建议就是保持一致性，”约翰逊说。“风险因素各怀鬼胎，需要我们持之以恒地投入。”
“Consistency is the most important tip that I would give producers,”Johnson said.“Each of those risk factors is going to have its own plan,and the investment level needs to be consistent.”
生物安全是一系列计划
Biosecurity is a series of plans
约翰逊解释说，生物安全不是一刀切式的计划。例如，人员、物资和运输资产都将以不同方式进场。
Biosecurity isn’t a one-size-fits-all program,Johnson explained.For example,people,supplies and transport assets will enter a production facility in different ways.
“Each risk factor is unique,”he said.“Think about the good-guy/bad-guy comparison with the fortress.If we’re going to have a naval attack we have to be prepared to defend against that differently than a land attack or an air attack.It’s the same approach with pathogens.We have to set up our defenses to be appropriate for where we think the attack is going to be and leverage resources that have the best defense capabilities.”
人人有责
Culture of accountability
每次约翰逊进行生物安全审计或调查时，他都将不足之处归责为“他们”。
Every time Johnson does a biosecurity audit or investigation,he can pin the bad things that happen down to“they.”
“On the farm it’s our problem,”he continued.“Nobody is going to come to the farm when we break with a new PRRS virus and help drag out the dead sows.If the rendering-truck driver is doing something wrong or the cull-sow truck driver is doing something wrong,we have to create that culture of accountability,because nobody is coming to help the farm manage through the mortality,abortions and other challenges that happen with a disease outbreak.”
路漫漫其修远兮
Long-term process
讨论生物安全常让人眉头深锁，郁郁寡欢，但约翰逊总结时满怀希望，表现乐观。
Biosecurity too often feels like a discussion of gloom and doom,but Johnson concluded with hope and optimism.
“We have all the tools and technologies we need to prevent disease transmission,not only into our country but from farm to farm,”he said.“We absolutely can prevent disease,and where there is disease,we absolutely know how to eliminate it.”
他不想给人一种生物安全很简单的错觉，但这是可以做到的，而且养殖者有能力做好。
He didn’t want to give a false sense of security that the process is easy,but it can be done,and producers have the capabilities to succeed in their biosecurity efforts.
“This is a long-term process,and it’s a never-ending battle…because the enemy will continue to come at us from different fronts.But in time,our investments in biosecurity should yield good returns,”Johnson said.“The fight is worth fighting,and you can be successful.”
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